OECD Non-Members Labour Market Database
methods, notes and classification
Explanatory Notes OECD-CCET LABOUR MARKET DATABASE
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF THE DATABASE METHODOLOGICAL NOTES GENERAL ISSUES SOURCES LABOUR FORCE SURVEYS DEFINITIONS OF LABOUR MARKET VARIABLES Population Working-age population Employment Employment by sector Self-employment Self-employment by sector Full-time employment Part-time employment Underemployment Employment in the private sector Employment by level of education Unemployment Youth employment and unemployment Prime-age employment and unemployment Older employment and unemployment Post-retirement employment and unemployment Unemployed school leavers Unemployment by level of education Unemployment with pervious work experience Unskilled unemployment Unemployment by duration Long-term unemployment Long-term unemployment with a primary or vocational education Unskilled long-term unemployment Unemployment by sector Unfilled vacancies Total inflows Wages Wages by sector Hours worked in industry Discouraged workers
INTRODUCTION
The OECD-CCET Labour Market Database is the product of a co-operative effort between the OECD and the national statistical offices of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Slovenia, Romania, the Russian Federation and the Slovak Republic. The database was designed particularly to make data from labour force sample surveys, recently implemented in many of the Central and Eastern European countries, available to international users and to permit greater comparability between the transition economies themselves and OECD Member countries. The statistical office of the Russian Federation has made available the results from their annual labour force surveys since 1992, and they appear for the first time in this issue of the database.
The Czech Republic became, on 21 December 1995, the first country in the "Partners in Transition" Programme, developed by the CCET in 1991, to become a Member of the OECD through accession. Future issues of this annex will continue to report the labour market indicators of the Czech Republic, as valuable analyses and comparisons can still be gained from the inclusion of the Czech labour market data.
The methodological notes provide details on the sources and definitions of the labour market variables. Before using the data, users are strongly advised to refer to these methodological notes (see below).
The database contains full historical data for the eight countries which appear in the annex of the Short-term Economic Indicators: Transition Economies. Questions concerning the structure, sources and use of the data should be addressed in the first instance to the:
Centre for Co-operation with Economies in Transition Education, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Directorate OECD 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France Telephone: (1) 45.24.75.53 Telefax: (1) 45.24.90.98 Internet address: webmaster@oecd.org (please include in the header - ATT: ELS-CCET)
DESCRIPTION OF THE DATABASE
The OECD-CCET Labour Market Database contains annual, quarterly, and monthly data from 1990 to the current year. The data are used in preparing the bi-annual edition of the Labour Market Indicators annex to the OECD, Short-term Economic Indicators: Transition Economies publication.
METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
GENERAL ISSUES
In order to homogenise the data and to allow greater comparability between countries, the definitions of the variables used in this database may differ from those used by the national statistical offices.
Unless otherwise stated below, the following holds true:
annual establishment survey data are averages for the year and refer to the public and private sector; quarterly establishment survey data are averages for the quarter and refer to the public and private sector; establishment survey data on employment include conscripts, persons on maternity leave and additional child- care leave (according to national definitions) and exclude career armed forces; labour force survey data on employment include career armed forces and persons on maternity leave and exclude conscripts and persons on additional child-care leave.
annual and quarterly total registered unemployment data are averages for the period; other annual and quarterly registered unemployment data are end-of-period;
For labour force survey data, annual employment and unemployment figures are calculated as annual averages of quarterly data. Breaks in series are only indicated in the methodological notes. Details on the reasons for and occurrences of the breaks are provided in the individual country descriptions below. Data from labour force surveys are not strictly comparable with data from other sources.
Sources
Bulgaria - From the third quarter of 1993 (September), the employment and unemployment data refer to the labour force survey. Employment data obtained prior to the introduction of the labour force survey and wage data are from establishment surveys. The survey data are released by the National Statistical Institute. Administrative data concerning registered unemployment, unfilled vacancies and inflows to unemployment are released by the National Employment Service.
Czech Republic - From the first quarter of 1993, the employment and unemployment data refer to the labour force survey. Employment data prior to 1993 and all wage data are obtained from establishment surveys. Data on registered unemployment, unfilled vacancies and inflows to unemployment are obtained from administrative sources. All data are released by the Czech Statistical Office.
Hungary - All quarterly data refer to the labour force survey, with the exception of wage data which are obtained from establishment surveys. Data on registered unemployment, unfilled vacancies and inflows to unemployment are obtained from administrative sources and released by the Labour Market Centre. All other data are released by the Central Statistical Office.
Poland - All quarterly data refer to the labour force survey, with the exception of wage data which are obtained from establishment surveys. Data on registered unemployment, unfilled vacancies and inflows to unemployment are obtained from administrative sources. All data are released by the Central Statistical Office.
Romania - From the first quarter of 1994, the employment and unemployment data refer to the labour force survey. Employment and wage data prior to 1994 are obtained from establishment surveys. Self-employment data prior to 1994 are obtained from the trade register. Data on registered unemployment, unfilled vacancies and inflows to unemployment are obtained from administrative sources. All data are released by the National Commission for Statistics.
Slovak Republic - From the second quarter of 1993, the employment and unemployment data refer to the labour force survey. Employment data prior to 1993 and all wage data are obtained from establishment surveys. Data on registered unemployment, unfilled vacancies and inflows to unemployment are obtained from administrative sources. All data are released by the Slovak Statistical Office.
Slovenia - All quarterly data refer to the labour force survey, with the exception of wage data which are obtained from establishment surveys. Data on registered unemployment, unfilled vacancies and inflows to unemployment are obtained from administrative sources and released by the National Employment Office. All other data are released by the Slovenian Statistical Office.
Labour Force Surveys
Bulgaria - A bi-annual survey is currently conducted in the Spring and Fall of each year in Bulgaria on a sample of the resident population aged 15 years or more. The survey reference period is one week. The sample comprises approximately 30 000 households and is based on a two-stage area sampling design using the December 1992 census as a sampling frame. Excluded from the survey are persons living in institutions, such as prisons, school dormitories and hospitals. Conscripts are considered as members of the households where they usually live and are thus included in the survey.
Czech Republic - Labour force surveys are conducted every week of the year on a total of approximately 23 000 households per quarter throughout the Czech Republic. There are about 63 000 respondents of all ages, with approximately 50 000 persons aged 15 years or more being surveyed. The survey sample undergoes a rotation of one-fifth of the panel every quarter. The panel constitutes selected census districts and selected households within those districts. Each household selected is included in the survey for a period of five consecutive quarters. The 20 per cent rotation process started in the summer of 1993, when the first ten census districts were replaced by new ones. A large-scale scale update of the census districts used in the sampling frame will be made every ten years prior to a new population and housing census. A quarterly survey comprises data from a thirteen week period. Labour force survey quarters precede calendar quarters by one month, thus permitting parallel data processing and analyses with enterprise survey data, i.e. surveys for the first quarter of the year are conducted in December, January and February.
Hungary - Labour force surveys are conducted each month from Monday to Sunday during the week which includes the 12th day of the month. The sample population for the quarter was approximately 30 000 households (55 000 persons) in 1992 and about 27 000 households (47 000 persons) since 1993. However, only a third of the total sample is interviewed each month. The survey only covers persons living in private households during the reference week. Households are interviewed a total of six consecutive times, after which they are no longer interviewed.
Poland - Labour force surveys are conducted on a quarterly basis; the reference week includes the 15th day of the middle month of each quarter, and the population sample is comprised of between 18 000 and 32 000 households. The sampling process is two-stage and excludes persons with no place of residence and persons residing in institutions, such as jails and military barracks. A rotation system, incorporated into the design in May 1992, is used whereby a household is interviewed for two consecutive quarters, excluded for the next two, interviewed again for the last two quarters, and then indefinitely excluded.
Romania - The first labour force survey was conducted on a sample population of all permanent residents of Romania over the age of 14, including those having left Romania for a period longer than six months, provided they have maintained familial contact. The survey covers those persons in military service, students on study- abroad programmes, persons working abroad, convicts and prisoners and persons hospitalised or temporarily in a sanitarium for short-term treatment. Persons living permanently in elderly, handicap and workers hostels, and sanitariums are not included in the survey. The survey is carried out during the last week of March and the first week of April, having as a reference period the week preceding the recording one. The sampling process is two- stage and in 1994 the sample size was 15 000 households or approximately 45 000 persons.
Slovak Republic - Labour force surveys are conducted on a continuous weekly basis throughout the year on a population sample of 10 000 households throughout the Slovak Republic. There is a sample rotation of 20 per cent, whereby each household is interviewed five times. The sampling of households is a two-stage process and the quarterly surveys are represented by a thirteen week cycle of interviewing. Labour force survey quarters precede calendar quarters by one month, thus permitting parallel data processing and analyses with enterprise survey data, i.e. surveys for the first quarter of the year are conducted in December, January and February.
Slovenia - In 1993, with the co-operation of the National Employment Office, the Slovenian Statistical Office conducted the first labour force survey whose results conformed to ILO conventions. The labour force survey is conducted annually during the month of May on the resident population of Slovenia over the age of 15, based on the population register. The labour force survey sample is based on the three-stage cluster sample which was introduced in the 1991 pilot survey. The survey currently undergoes a 30 per cent rotation each year and in 1995 captured approximately 1.3 per cent of the population. The reference period is the week prior to the recording one.
Definitions of Labour Market Variables
This section contains the definitions and the departures from definitions of the labour market variables found in the adjoining diskette. The definition of the variable is followed by the departures from the definitions for each country, as necessary. Data for the following variables are collected from administrative sources and/or labour force and establishment surveys, depending on availability.
Population
The population is defined as permanently residing inhabitants of the territory.
Departures from definition: Bulgaria - Population data since September 1993 are based on labour force surveys. Czech Republic - Population estimates are based on the 1991 population census. Hungary - Population data refer to the first of January of the following year, i.e. 1992 data are from 1 January, 1993. Population estimates are based on the 1990 population census. Poland - Population estimates refer to the de facto population and include the following groups: i) Persons living in remote areas, ii) Military, naval and diplomatic personnel and their families located outside of the country, iii) Merchant seamen and fishermen resident in the country but at sea at the time of the census (including those who have no place of residence other than their quarters aboard a ship), iv) Civilian residents temporarily in another country as seasonal workers, v) Civilians who cross a border daily to work in another country, vi) Civilian residents who work in another country, aside from those in groups iii-v, vii) Civilian residents temporarily absent from the country, aside from those in groups iii-vi.
Population estimates do not include:
i) Foreign military, naval and diplomatic personnel and their families located in the country, ii) Civilian aliens temporarily in the country as seasonal workers, iii) Civilian aliens who cross the border to work in the country, iv) Civilian aliens working in the country, aside from those in groups i-iii, v) Civilian aliens temporarily in the country, aside from those in groups i-iv, vi) Transients aboard a ship at the time of the survey.
Slovak Republic - Population estimates are based on the 1991 population census.
Working-age population
The working age population refers to the population of women aged 15 to 54 and men aged 15 to 59. Figures are estimates from labour force survey data and are supplied by the national statistical offices.
Departures from definition:
Bulgaria - Prior to the introduction of the labour force survey in September 1993, working age population data refer to women aged 16 to 54 and men aged 16 to 59. Czech Republic - The working age population data refer to women aged 15 to 54 and men aged 15 to 59. Hungary - Working-age population data refer to the first of January for the following year, i.e. 1992 data are from 1 January 1993 and exclude conscripts. Poland - The working age population data refer to women aged 15 to 59 and men aged 15 to 64 and do not include persons living in collective households or members of private households who temporarily stay abroad (for more than two months). Romania - The working age population data refer to women aged 16 to 56 and men aged 16 to 61.
Employment
i) Employment covers all persons above a specified age who during the reference period, of either one week or one day, were in one of the following categories:
Paid employment:
a) At work: persons who performed some work for wage or salary, in cash or in kind; or, b) With a job but not at work: persons who, having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period and have a formal attachment to their job. This formal job attachment should be determined in the light of national circumstances, according to the one or more of the following criteria: (1) the continued receipt of wage or salary; (2) an assurance of return to work following the end of the contingency, or an agreement as to the date of return; (3) the elapsed duration of absence from the job, which, wherever relevant, may be that duration for which workers can receive compensation benefits without obligations to accept other jobs.
Self-employment:
a) At work: persons who performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; b) With an enterprise but not at work: persons with an enterprise, which may be a business, farm or service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. ii) For operational purposes and following ILO definitions, the notion of some work may be interpreted as work for at least one hour. iii) Persons temporarily not at work because of illness or injury, holiday or vacation, strike or lock-out, educational or training leave, maternity leave, reduction in economic activity, temporary disorganisation or suspension of work due to such reasons as bad weather, mechanical or electrical breakdown, or shortage of raw materials or fuels, or other temporary absence with or without leave should be considered as in paid employment provided they have a formal job attachment. iv) Employers and own account workers should be considered as in self-employment and classified as at work or not at work, as the case may be. v) Unpaid family workers at work should be considered as in self-employment irrespective of the number of hours worked during the reference period. vi) Persons engaged in the production of economic goods and services for own and household consumption are considered as in self-employment if such production comprises an important contribution to the total consumption of the household. vii) Apprentices who received pay in cash or in kind are considered in paid employment and classified as at work or not at work on the same basis as other persons in paid employment. viii) Students, homemakers, and other mainly engaged in non-economic activities during the reference period, who at the same time were in paid employment or self-employment as defined above are considered as employed on the same basis as other categories of employed persons and are identified separately, where possible.
Departures from definition:
Bulgaria - For establishment survey data, the registered number of employees covers all persons employed at least one day in the main enterprise activity or at least five days in another enterprise activity. The minimum school-leaving age is considered to be 16, therefore persons under 16 would not be included as employed even if they undertook paid work. For holidays and non-working days, the registered number of employees is counted as the number registered on the previous day. With the introduction of the labour force survey in September 1993, employment data refer to persons aged 15 years or more who, during the reference week: performed some work for at least one hour for pay or other income; or, did not work but had a job from which they were temporarily absent due to illness, leave, weather, vocational training, strike, etc. Persons on maternity leave and additional child-care leave are included in both establishment and labour force survey data. Czech Republic - Quarterly establishment survey employment data refer to number of jobs rather than employees. They exclude organisations with less than 25 employees, private entrepreneurs not filed in the business register, paid apprentices and persons on additional child-care leave. With the introduction of the labour force survey in the first quarter of 1993, employment data include persons on maternity leave and additional child-care leave. Beginning in the first quarter of 1995, persons on additional child-care leave are excluded from employment. Maternity leave represents the first 28 weeks of leave, whereas additional child-care leave represents the period from 29 weeks to three years after the birth of the child. During the first 28 weeks of maternity leave, the recipient receives 69 per cent of her gross wages paid by the employer. During the additional child-care leave period the recipient receives a fixed amount paid by the employer.
Hungary - Labour force survey employment data include persons aged 15 to 74 who, during the reference week: worked one hour or more for pay, profit or payment in kind in their job or business (including a farm); or, worked one hour or more without pay in a family business or on a farm, e.g. contributing family member; or, had a job from which they were temporarily absent during the entire survey week. Persons involved in the following activities are not considered employed: work performed without pay for another household or institute (voluntary work); building or renovating of one s own house or apartment; housework without pay; and, work in the garden or on one s own property if the aim of the production is strictly for self-consumption
Poland - Data refer to persons 15 years of age and older. Persons on maternity leave are considered employed from four to six months of leave. The monthly benefit is equal to the average remuneration from the period six months before the birth of the child, and is paid from the Social Insurance Institution.
Romania - Establishment survey employment is defined to include
persons who have a job, regardless of how
obtained, which permits them to procure an income through a
social or economic activity, i.e. paid employment
and self-employment. Data are year-end and refer to persons 16
years of age and older. Estimates of the number
of self-employed, unpaid family workers and persons in small
enterprises were made using the Agricultural and
Commerce register and data from the Ministry of Finance.
Labour force survey data include persons in military service.
Although military barracks are not surveyed,
conscripts are captured in the questionnaire. Labour force
survey data refer to those persons 14 years of age and
older. Persons on unpaid leave for a period of up to 90 days,
whether for preparation for an exam, sick leave for
a child, seeking medical treatment abroad or other personal
interests are considered employed, given an agreement
by both the employee and employer.
Persons on maternity leave are considered employed for up to
one year, beginning as early as two months
before the birth of the child. The maternity leave benefit is
paid from the social insurance fund at between 50 to
85 per cent of the person s salary, depending on seniority.
Slovak Republic - Quarterly and annual establishment survey
employment data exclude enterprises with less
than 25 employees, private entrepreneurs not filed in the
business register and their employees, unpaid family
members, and persons on maternity leave and additional child-care
leave.
Maternity leave represents the first 28 weeks of leave, whereas
additional child-care leave represents the period
from 29 weeks to three years after the birth of the child.
Slovenia - In addition to the standard ILO definition, employment also includes persons who during the reference week did not work, were still under contract with their employer and who cited a technical surplus of workers or the employer could not insure them enough work as a reason for not working. In this case, the employer is required by law to provide a remuneration equal to 70 per cent of their normal wage, defined in the collective agreement, for six months. After this six month period the person either becomes unemployed or inactive. Should the person find work during the six-month lay-off period, the payments are stopped. In the 1994 survey, 4700 persons or approximately five per cent of the unemployed were unemployed as a result of lay-offs. Persons on maternity leave are considered employed for the first 365 days of leave. During this period the parent may receive a remuneration equal to 100 per cent of their normal wage, as defined in their labour contract, which is indexed to the average wage for the previous year. Additional child-care leave does not exist. Employment by sector
Employment by sector refers to employed persons who work in one of the following sectors defined within the General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities with the European Communities (NACE Rev. 1).
Employment in agriculture - Section A. Agriculture, hunting
and forestry
Section B. Fishing
Employment in mining - Section C. Mining and quarrying
Employment in manufacturing - Section D. Manufacturing
Employment in power and water - Section E. Electricity, gas
and water supply
Employment in construction - Section F. Construction
Employment in trade and catering - Section G. Wholesale and
retail trade; repair of
motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal household
goods
Section H. Hotels and restaurants
Employment in transport
and communication - Section I. Transport, storage and
communication
Employment in financial services - Section J. Financial intermediation Section K. Real estate, renting and business activities Employment in health and education - Section M. Education Section N. Health and social work Employment in public administration - Section L. Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Employment in other services - Section O. Other community, social and personal activities Section P. Private households with employed persons Section Q. Extra-territorial organisations and bodies
Departures from definition:
Bulgaria - For the establishment survey data, the Classification of Branches of the National Economy (CNBE) is used to classify employment by sector and is not strictly comparable to the NACE Rev. 1. Employment in industry includes the three classifications, mining, manufacturing, and power and water. In addition to the normal activities, employment in construction includes architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancies. Employment in trade and catering includes wholesale and retail trade, and restaurants. Hotels are excluded.
Poland - Prior to the second quarter of 1994, the national classifications of economic activities were based on the Polish Classification of the National Economy (KGN). On the basis of KGN, employment in public administration is included in the employment in other services category. Since the second quarter of 1994, economic activities are classified by the European Classification of Activities (EKD), which is the Polish version of NACE Rev. 1.
Romania - National classifications of economic activities are based on the Classification of Activities in the National Economy (CANE), developed in Romania on the basis of NACE Rev. 1. Beginning in 1992 real estate activities are included in the employment in other services category.
Slovak Republic - National classifications of economic activities are based on the Branch Classification of Economic Activities (OKEC), developed in the Slovak Republic on the basis of NACE Rev. 1. With the introduction of the labour force survey in the second quarter of 1993, employment by sector data include persons on additional child-care leave. Beginning in 1994, employment by sector excludes persons on additional child-care leave.
Self-employment
Self-employment is defined to include employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, and persons engaged in the production of economic goods and services for their own and/or household consumption, if such production comprises an important contribution to the total consumption of the household. Persons working in producers co-operatives or agricultural co-operatives are not included.
Departures from definition:
Hungary - Persons involved in the following activities are not considered employed: building or renovating of one s own house or apartment; housework without pay; and, work in the garden or on one s own property if the aim of the production is strictly for self-consumption. Poland - Self-employment includes members of co-operatives. Romania - Prior to the introduction of the labour force survey in 1994, self-employment excludes contributing family workers. Slovak Republic - With the introduction of the labour force survey in the second quarter of 1993, self- employment data include persons on additional child-care leave. Beginning in 1994, self-employment excludes persons on additional child-care leave.
Self-employment by sector
Self-employment in agriculture includes Sections A and B of the NACE Rev. 1 specifications. Self-employment in industry includes Sections C-F of the NACE Rev. 1 specifications. Self-employment in services includes Sections G-Q of the NACE Rev. 1 specifications.
Departures from definition:
Hungary - Same departures as found in the above section on self-employment. Poland - Same departures as found in the above section on self-employment and employment by sector. Romania - Same departures as found in the above section on self-employment and employment by sector. Slovak Republic - Same departures as found in the above section on self-employment and employment by sector.
Full-time employment
Full-time employment refers to persons who normally work full-time according to national definitions.
Departures from definition: Poland - Full-time employment covers those persons who: actually worked 40 hours or more during the survey week; worked less than 40 hours during the survey week but the work is considered full-time; or, worked less than 40 hours during the survey week for non-economic reasons and usually work full-time.
Romania - Full-time employment is considered to be 40 hours per week in industry and 10 hours per day in agriculture, however there are no strict mandated cut-off points to distinguish between full-time and part-time employment.
Slovak Republic - Full-time employment includes those persons who normally work either 40, 41.5 or 42.5 hours per week in their main occupation.
Slovenia - The maximum work week is 42 hours, but can be reduced by collective agreement to 36 hours, which would still be considered as full-time. Data refer exclusively to employees and self-employed persons. Part-time employment
Part-time employment refers to persons who normally work less than full-time (according to national definitions).
Departures from definition: Poland - Part-time employment includes those persons who during the survey week, either: worked 39 hours or less for non-economic (voluntary) reasons, i.e. vacation, education, illness or other personal or family responsibilities or usually work part-time; or, worked 39 hours or less for economic (involuntary) reasons, (i.e. could not find full-time work, production breaks, interruptions, job started/ended within the reference week, reduction in economic activity, i.e. lack of clients, orders, finances or equipment.)
Romania - Part-time employment refers to those persons who normally work less than what they would consider to be full-time employment for their particular profession. If the respondent has no idea as to whether he/she works full- or part-time the interviewer suggests 30 hours per week as a reference cut-off point.
Slovak Republic - With the introduction of the labour force survey in the second quarter of 1993, part-time employment data include persons on additional child-care leave. Beginning in 1994, part-time employment excludes persons on additional child-care leave.
Slovenia - Part-time employment data refer exclusively to employees and self-employed persons. Male part- time employment figures are considered by the Slovenian Statistical Office to be inaccurate estimations. Female part-time employment figures for 1994 are considered inaccurate estimations.
Underemployment
Underemployment refers to persons who are working part-time and would like to be working full-time (according to ILO guidelines).
Departures from definition: Czech Republic - Underemployed persons are those who are working part-time because they either cannot find suitable full-time work or due to the initiative of the employer, i.e. slack work.
Hungary - Underemployed persons are those aged 15 to 74 who worked part-time during the reference week for economic reasons, i.e. slack work; because full-time work was not available; did not work due to temporary lay-off; or, usually work less than full-time due to economic reasons. Part-time work was defined as less than 36 hours per week in 1992 and less than 40 hours per week since 1993. However, this change had little effect on the data, thus resulting in roughly comparable data before and after the change in definition.
Poland - Underemployed persons are those who, during the survey week, worked 39 hours or less for economic (involuntary) reasons, (i.e. could not find full-time work, production breaks, interruptions, job started/ended within the reference week, reduction in economic activity, i.e. lack of clients, orders, finances or equipment.)
Romania - Underemployment data refer to those persons who, during the survey week, worked less than the usual working time independently of their will and were looking or available for more work or a full-time job during the reference period.
Slovak Republic - Underemployment data refer to those persons who are working part-time and cannot find suitable full-time work and persons working fewer work hours than full-time at the initiative of the employer, i.e. slack work. Prior to the first quarter of 1994, the latter were excluded from underemployment. With the introduction of the labour force survey in the second quarter of 1993, underemployment data include persons on additional child-care leave. Beginning in 1994, underemployment excludes persons on additional child- care leave.
Slovenia - Underemployment data include persons who are working part-time because they cannot find a full- time job.
Employment in the private sector
Employment in the private sector is defined as employment in private owned enterprises, including co- operatives. Refer to above section on employment by sector for country definitions and departures.
Employment in private agriculture is defined as employment in private owned enterprises including co- operatives in agriculture, or forestry and fishing (according to NACE Rev. 1 specifications).
Employment in private industry is defined as employment in private owned enterprises including co-operatives in mining, manufacturing, power and water or construction (according to NACE Rev. 1 specifications).
Employment in private services is defined as employment in private owned enterprises including co-operatives in trade and catering, transport and communication, financial services, health and education, public administration or other services (according to NACE Rev. 1 specifications).
Departures from definition:
Bulgaria - Establishment survey data prior to the introduction of the labour force survey in September 1993. The national classifications of economic activities (CMEA) are used.
Poland - Employment in the private sector covers self-employment and employees working in private domestic ownership, including partnerships, co-operatives, social organisations, associations and foundations. Also covered are private foreign-owned enterprises, including small-scale foreign enterprises and partnerships with foreign capital share.
Romania - Employment in the private sector does not include co-operatives.
Employment by level of education
Employment by education data include in each category persons who have completed one of the following levels of education, regardless of the kind of job they perform or the educational requirements: higher, vocational, secondary general, and primary or less according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) specifications:
Employment with higher education include the number of employed having completed a post-secondary education.
Employment with secondary general education include the number of employed having completed a secondary general education, excluding secondary vocational schools.
Employment with vocational education include the number of employed having completed a vocational education.
Employment with primary education or less include the number of employed having completed a primary education or less.
Departures from definition: Bulgaria - Prior to the introduction of the labour force survey in September 1993, annual establishment survey data are year-end and refer to the public sector.
The higher education classification includes persons with a
university or post-secondary education.
The secondary general education classification includes
persons with a general education which usually lasts
three years after the primary education. Persons who have
attended certain vocational schools, which
provide a secondary general education together with some
professional qualifications, are also included.
The vocational education classification includes only persons
with a secondary school education. The
duration of education is four to five years after the primary
education. The vocational school provides
education for jobs in industry, agriculture, transport,
trade, health, and other economic activities, and art
schools.
The primary education classification includes persons with a
compulsory education which begins from six
to seven years of age and until the age of 14 to 15. Some
vocational schools which provide basic general
education and professional skills are also included in this
group.
Czech Republic - The higher education classification includes persons who are three and four year university graduates and graduates from other institutions of post-secondary education. The vocational education classification includes those persons who have completed the following education levels: primary vocational (apprentice schools), vocational without passing leaving exam (two to three years), secondary vocational without passing leaving exam (secondary apprentices), and secondary vocational education with passing leaving exam (polytechnic schools).
Hungary - The higher education classification includes persons who
are graduates of three and four year college
programmes, and university graduates.
The secondary general education classification includes
persons having completed i) grammar school, which
last four years, or ii) other secondary school, which
includes general and vocational training, whereby the
final examination provides a general or vocational
certificate (i.e. industrial, agricultural, economics,
commercial, catering, transport, postal work, communication,
public health, training for kindergarten
teachers, and arts). Both of these programmes allow students
to enter into an institute of higher education.
The vocational education classification includes apprentice
school graduates, which generally requires three
years, provides training of skilled workers, and requires the
passing of a professional exam.
The primary education or less classification includes persons
having completed eight grades of elementary
school or less.
Poland - The secondary general education classification includes those having completed secondary vocational education. The vocational education classification includes those who have only completed basic vocational education. Romania -
The higher education classification includes person who are
graduates of three year college programmes and universities programmes of four to six years. The secondary general education includes persons having completed either the secondary cycle I from 14 to 16 years of age or the secondary cycle II from 16 to 18 years of age. The vocational education classification includes persons having completed an education in either a technical school, a post-secondary vocational school, a professional school or an apprentice school. The primary education or less classification includes persons having completed a primary education from 6 to 14 years of age or less.
Slovak Republic - Educational levels are classified by the Standard Classification of Fields of Education.
The higher education classification includes persons who
have completed a university education.
The secondary general education classification includes
persons who have completed grammar school.
The vocational education classification includes person who
have completed a secondary vocational
education, e.g. higher pedagogical schools, enterprise
institutes, secondary vocational schools,
conservatoires, secondary apprentice training centres with
leaving exam, secondary apprentice training
centres without leaving exam.
The primary education or less classification refers to
persons who have completed a primary education,
including e.g. special schools for handicapped children,
unfinished primary or secondary education or less.
With the introduction of the labour force survey in the second
quarter of 1993, employment data include
persons on additional child-care leave. Beginning in 1994,
employment excludes persons on additional child-care
leave.
Unemployment
Registered unemployment data refer to those persons who have registered as unemployed at a labour office.
i) In the labour force survey, the unemployed are those persons above a specified age who, during the reference period of one week or one day, were: a) without work, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment, as defined in the employment data section above; b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and, c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self- employment. The specific steps may include registration at a public or private employment exchange, application to employers; checking at worksites, farms, factory gates, market or other assembly places; placing or answering newspaper advertisements; seeking assistance of friends or relatives; looking for land, building, machinery or equipment to establish own enterprise; arranging for financial resources; applying for permits and licences, etc. ii) Notwithstanding the criterion of seeking work embodied in the standard definition of unemployment, persons without work and currently available for work who made arrangements to take up paid employment or undertake self-employment activity at a date subsequent to the reference period should be considered as unemployed. iii) Person temporarily absent from their jobs with no formal job attachment who were currently available for work and seeking work should be regarded as unemployed in accordance with the standard definition of unemployment. iv) Students, homemakers and others mainly engaged in non-economic activities during the reference period who satisfy the criteria laid down above should be regarded as unemployed on the same basis as other categories of unemployed persons and be identified separately, where possible.
Departures from definition: Bulgaria - Registered unemployment data refer to women aged 16 to 54 and men aged 16 to 59. Annual and quarterly registered unemployment data are average period. With the introduction of the labour force survey in September 1993, unemployment is defined to include persons aged 15 years or more who: did not work at all during the survey week; were actively seeking work within the preceding four-week period; and, were available to start work within the two weeks following the reference period. Also included are persons who were not actively seeking work, but who expected to start a new job or business within 30 days; or, expected to return to a former job from which they were dismissed or put on unpaid leave (where total duration of inactivity exceeds one month), provided they have the employer s promise and agreed date of return to work.
Czech Republic - Registered unemployment data refer to persons who, at the end of the period, were neither under a working contract nor performing any independent earning activity and who have asked the local employment agency to find suitable work for them. Data refer to persons 15 years of age and older. Annual and quarterly registered unemployment data series, other than the total, are end-of-period.
Hungary - For the labour force survey figures, unemployment refers to persons aged 15 to 74 years who were not employed during the reference week and who: had actively looked for work at any time in the four weeks preceding the end of the reference week; and, were available for work within the two weeks following the reference week; or, were waiting to start a job within 30 days.
Poland - Data refer to persons 15 years of age and older.
Romania - Registered unemployment refers to persons who must: be currently looking for a job, be registered at the unemployment office, and be at least 18 years old (16 in some cases). Annual and quarterly registered unemployment data are average period. For the labour force survey data, unemployment refers to persons who were not employed during the reference week and who: had actively looked for work at any time in the four weeks preceding the reference week; and, were available for work within the two weeks following the reference week.
Slovak Republic - Prior to the introduction of the labour force
survey in the second quarter of 1993, annual and
quarterly registered unemployment data, other than the figures
for total unemployment, are end-of-period.
Labour force survey unemployment data include persons who: did
not work for pay or profit during the reference
week; have actively looked for a job during the last four weeks;
and, were able to start work in the next two weeks.
Data refer to persons 15 years of age and older.
Slovenia - Registered unemployment includes persons who: i) do not have a regular job or are not self- employed; are not the owners or co-owners of an operating enterprise; and not the owners or users of property which could provide a living; ii) are capable of and willing to work and are prepared to accept a job suitable to their professional attainment or working skills acquired through past work experience; iii) have registered as job- seekers with the National Employment Office. Labour force survey unemployment data include persons who: did not work for pay or profit during the reference week; have actively looked for a job during the last four weeks; and, were able to start work in the next two weeks; had found a job to start after the reference week.
Youth employment and unemployment
Youth employment and unemployment figures refer to persons from 15 to 24 years of age.
Departures from definition: Bulgaria - Prior to the introduction of the labour force survey in September 1993, youth employment figures are year-end, cover the public sector and refer to persons 16 to 24 years of age. Unemployment data refer to persons 16 to 30 years of age.
Romania - Registered unemployment data include persons 16 to
24 years of age and refer only to those persons receiving unemployment benefits or support allowances. Labour force survey data refer to persons 14 to 24 years of age.
Prime-age employment and unemployment
Prime-age employment and unemployment figures refer to persons from 25 to 49 years of age.
Departures from definition: Bulgaria - Prior to the introduction of the labour force survey in September 1993, prime-age employment data are year-end, cover the public sector and refer to person 25 to 44 years of age.
Hungary - Prime-age unemployment and employment series include persons 25 to 54 years of age.
Older employment and unemployment
Older employment and unemployment figures refer to women 50 to 54 years of age and men 50 to 59 years of age.
Departures from definition: Bulgaria - Prior to the introduction of the labour force survey in September 1993, older employment data are year-end, cover the public sector and refer to women 45 to 54 years of age and men 45 to 59 years of age. Unemployment registration data refer to women 50 to 55 years of age and men 50 to 60 years of age.
Hungary - Older unemployment and employment data refer to persons 55 to 59 years of age. The official retirement age of women is 55.
Poland - Older unemployment and employment data refer to women 50 to 59 years of age and men 50 to 64 years of age.
Romania - Older unemployment data refer to women 50 to 56 years of age and men 50 to 61 years of age. Registered unemployment data refer only to those persons receiving unemployment benefits or support allowances.
Slovenia - Total and male older unemployment figures are considered by the Slovenian Statistical Office to be inaccurate estimations. Female older unemployment figures are considered highly inaccurate estimations.
Post-retirement employment and unemployment Post-retirement employment and unemployment figures include persons above the official retirement age.
Departures from definition: Bulgaria - Prior to the introduction of the labour force survey in September 1993, post-retirement employment data are year-end and cover the public sector. Post-retirement refers to women 55 years of age and older and men 60 and older. Czech Republic - Post-retirement refers to women 55 years of age and older and men 60 and older. Hungary - Post-retirement refers to persons 60 to 74 years of age. Poland - Post-retirement refers to women 60 years of age and older and men 65 and older. Romania - Post-retirement employment and unemployment data refer to women aged 57 and over and men 62 and over. The corresponding unemployment figures are considered statistically insignificant by the National Commission for Statistics.
Slovak Republic - Post-retirement refers to women 55 years of age and older and men 60 and older. Slovenia - Post-retirement unemployment figures are not zero, but are deemed by the Slovenian Statistical Office to be extremely inaccurate estimations and are therefore not published. The post-retirement male and female employment figures for Spring 1993 are considered inaccurate estimations.
Unemployed school leavers
Unemployed school leavers is defined as those persons who are unemployed and looking for their first job after finishing a full-time education (excluding those leaving the army).
Departures from definition: Czech Republic - Unemployed school leavers refers to those unemployed persons who have studied at least one year in a secondary school or in training, e.g. apprenticeship training. Poland - Unemployed school leavers refers to those unemployed graduates of day schools or high schools who have graduated within the last 12 months. Romania - Unemployed school leavers includes those persons looking for their first job after an extended period of inactivity. Slovak Republic - Prior to the introduction of the labour force survey in the second quarter of 1993, unemployed school leavers refers to graduates of universities, school leavers of secondary vocational schools, grammar schools, persons who left secondary apprentice training centres with or without passing the leaving exam and youths after having passed a primary school education. The labour force survey data cover all those unemployed school leavers who, before they started to look for work, were trained for their future profession at school or at an apprentice centre.
Unemployment by level of education
Unemployment by level of education is defined as unemployed persons who have completed one of the four educational levels, according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) specifications: higher, vocational, secondary general, and primary or less. For a breakdown of education levels refer to the section above on employment by level of education.
Departures from definition: Bulgaria - Same departures as found in the section on employment by level of education. Czech Republic - Same departures as found in the section on employment by level of education. Hungary - Same departures as found in the section on employment by level of education. Poland - Same departures as found in the section on employment by level of education. Romania - Same departures as found in the section on employment by level of education. For the registered unemployment data, unemployment with a vocational education data include, in addition to persons with a vocational education, persons with a primary education or less.
Slovak Republic - Educational levels are classified by the Standard Classification of Fields of Education. Prior to the introduction of the labour force survey in the second quarter of 1993, unemployment by education data refer to registration unemployment and have the following departures:
The higher education unemployment classification includes,
in addition to persons with a university education, persons with research or training qualifications, or persons having completed an education in a higher pedagogical school, enterprise institute or five to six years in a conservatoire. The secondary general education unemployment classification includes, in addition to a secondary vocational school education, persons who have attended secondary apprentice training centres with and without passing the leaving examination, and four year conservatoires. Excluded from this category are persons with an education from an enterprise institute. Same departures as found in the section on employment by level of education for labour force survey data.
Unemployment with previous work experience
Unemployed with previous work experience refers to the number of unemployed persons with aprior work history
Departures from definition:
Romania - Unemployed with previous work experience data exclude those persons who did not declare an economic activity in their past work history. Unskilled unemployment
Unskilled unemployment is defined as the number of persons unemployed with previous work experience in unskilled occupations, major group 9, Elementary occupations of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88) specifications.
Departures from definition: Hungary - Unskilled unemployment covers those persons who are considered semi-skilled or unskilled, including part-time workers. Also covered are those persons with previous work experience who were members of co-operatives.
Unemployment by duration
Unemployed for less than one month includes those persons unemployed for less than one month at the time of the survey. Unemployed for 1 to 6 months includes those persons unemployed for more than one month but less than six months (inclusive) at the time of the survey. Unemployed for 7 to 12 months includes those persons unemployed for more than six months but less than 12 months (inclusive) at the time of the survey.
Departures from definition: Hungary - Unemployment by duration data are grouped into classes of weeks as opposed to months, i.e. one month is equivalent to four weeks, 1 to 6 months is equivalent to 5 to 26 weeks, and 7 to 12 months is equivalent to 27 to 52 weeks. Slovak Republic - For the second quarter of 1993, unemployment by duration only includes those persons with previous work experience. Slovenia - Unemployed for less than one month figures are considered by the Slovenian Statistical Office to be inaccurate estimations.
Long-term unemployment
Long-term unemployment refers to persons unemployed more than 12 months. Where applicable, long-term unemployment for the groups; youth, prime-age and older, refer to the same age breakdowns as found in the sections on employment and unemployment by age groups.
Departures from definition: Bulgaria - Older long-term unemployment data series cover persons aged 55 years and over. Hungary - Long-term unemployment data cover persons unemployed for more than 52 weeks (364 days). Poland - Older long-term unemployment data series cover women 55 to 59 years of age and men aged 55 to 64. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 1994 the data series cover women 50 to 59 years of age and men aged 50 to 64.
Slovak Republic - For the second quarter of 1993, long-term unemployment data series cover only persons with previous work experience.
Long-term unemployment with a primary or vocational education
Long-term unemployment with a primary or vocational education is defined as those persons unemployed for more than 12 months having completed either a primary or vocational education (according to ISCED specifications).
Departures from definition: Hungary - Unskilled long-term unemployment data refer to persons unemployed for more than 52 weeks (364 days). Poland - Long-term unemployment with a primary or vocational education data include those persons with a primary education or less. Slovak Republic - For the second quarter of 1993, long-term unemployment with a primary or vocational education data include only those persons with previous work experience.
Unskilled long-term unemployment
Unskilled long-term unemployment is defined as persons unemployed for more than 12 months with previous work experience in unskilled occupations, major group 9, Elementary occupations of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88) classifications.
Departures from definition: Hungary - Unskilled long-term unemployment data refer to persons unemployed for more than 52 weeks (364 days).
Slovak Republic - For the second quarter of 1993, unskilled long-term unemployment data refer only to persons with previous work experience.
Unemployment by sector
Unemployment by sector is defined as unemployed persons with previous work experience in one of the sectors defined within the General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities with the European Communities (NACE Rev. 1). For a breakdown of sectors, their definitions and the country definition departures refer to the section on employment by sector.
Unemployment in agriculture includes persons unemployed with previous work experience in the sectors found in Sections A - B of NACE Rev. 1.
Unemployment in industry includes persons unemployed with previous work experience in the sectors found in Sections C - F of NACE Rev. 1.
Unemployment in services includes persons unemployed with previous work experience in the sectors found in Sections G - Q of NACE Rev. 1.
Unfilled vacancies
Unfilled vacancies is defined as job opportunities for immediate filling notified to the employment exchange remaining unfilled on the day of the count. Data represent averages for the period.
Total inflows
Total inflows is defined as the number of people who have registered as unemployed with the labour office within a given month.
Wages
The average wage is defined as the average gross monthly wage of full-time workers. Gross wages are defined as basic wages and salaries including bonuses and remunerations before deduction of taxes, but excluding family and other social benefits. Annual wages are calculated averages from the national statistical offices.
Departures from definition: Bulgaria - Wage data refer to the public sector only and exclude persons on maternity leave and additional child-care leave and are calculated by dividing the total wage bill for the period by the average number of employees. Fourth quarter data include annual premiums and bonuses.
Czech Republic - Wage data are calculated for all employees in enterprises and organisations with 25 or more employees, including part-time workers. Excluded are earnings of employees of private entrepreneurs not filed in the business register, and persons on maternity leave and additional child-care leave.
Hungary - Wage data cover, in 1992, enterprises with more than
50 employees, in 1993, those with more than
20 employees, and since 1994 those with more than 10 employees.
Earnings consist of basic wages and salaries,
supplementary wages, rewards, bonus premiums and profit-sharing
schemes.
Poland - Wage data refer to either personal wages and salaries (excluding wages and salaries of outworkers and apprentices); payments from profit for distribution and balance surpluses in co-operatives; purses from establishment premium funds; or, fees paid to selected employees groups, e.g. journalists, television and radio and programme producers for their work as a result of a labour contract.
Romania - Wage data refer to basic salary; growth and indemnity payments granted as a gross percentage of basic salary or as a fixed amount; salary adjustments accorded by law or collective labour agreements; salary fund bonuses; and payments in kind. Wage data cover all enterprises with more than 500 employees and a sample of smaller firms.
Slovak Republic - Average wages are calculated as wage costs divided by the registered number of employees. Excluded from gross wages are other personnel costs, i.e. incentive pay, sickness benefits and bonuses and wages paid to persons on maternity leave and additional child-care leave. Quarterly data on average wages exclude earnings of employees of private entrepreneurs not filed in the business register, and enterprises with less than 100 employees before 1992 and less than 25 employees since the first quarter of 1992. Agricultural co-operatives are included.
Slovenia - Average wages include, in addition to the income for work actually performed during regular working hours, all other income, which includes the following: income from overtime, supplements for annual leave, sickness pay for up to 30 days, public holidays, performing of national duties, paid leave and similar, awards, premiums, income for past work, incentive bonuses and bonuses after periodic and final balance sheets. Survey coverage includes enterprises and organisations with three or more persons in paid employment. Private enterprises and members of the armed forces were included in 1992, while the police force was included in 1993. The earnings of consultants and associates are not covered.
Wages by sector
Classifications of economic activities and their country departures follow those in the section on employment by sector, unless otherwise stated. Annual figures for wages by sector represent simple means of the quarterly data.
Departure from definitions:
Bulgaria - The sectors mining and power and water are included in manufacturing. The Classification of Branches of the National Economy (CNBE) is used to classify wages by sector data and is not strictly comparable to the NACE Rev.1.
Poland - Beginning in the first quarter of 1994, classifications of economic activities conform to NACE Rev.1 specivications. Prior to the first quarter of 1994, electricity, gas and water activities were included in manufacturing sector. A new currency, the new zloty, was introduced on 1st January 1995. At that time, one new zloty equalled 10 000 old zlotys.
Republic of Slovenia - Wages by sector are classified by national classification of economic activities (EKD).
Russian Federation - National classifications of economic activities are based on the All-Union Classifications of Economic Sectors (OKONH), which are not comparable to NACE Rev.1.
Hours worked in industry
Hours worked in industry data are obtained from establishment surveys and is defined as the average hours actually worked per year, month or week per wage-earner in the sectors of mining, manufacturing, and power and water (following NACE Rev.1 specifications).
Departures from definitions:
Czech Republic - Hours worked in industry data cover a period of one year and refer to the average number of hours worked by manual workers in industrial organisations with 25 or more employees who were registered as employed in the reference period. Excluded are home workers, persons on maternity leave and additional child-care leave, and members of armed forces.
Hungary - Hours worked in industry data cover hours worked by full- time employees and workers, excluding home-workers and retired persons working in incorporated enterprises, in the manufacturing sector for a period of one month. The number of hours worked includes overtime and stop-time due to equipment failure and shortages, production breaks, etc. For enterprise coverage refer to the above section on wages.
Poland - Prior to the second quarter of 1994, hours worked in industry referred to the average number of hours worked during the survey week per wage-earner in mining and manufacturing. Since the second quarter of 1994, only wage-earners in manufacturing are included.
Romania - Hours worked in industry data are obtained from the labour force survey and cover time worked, paid and unpaid, including overtime work and work during weekends and holidays for a period of one year. The data refer to public and mixed sector enterprises in the branches of mining, manufacturing and electricity, gas and water.
Republic of Slovenia - Hours worked in industry are obtained from the labour force survey and refer to the average hours actually worked during the reference week.
Russian Federation - Hours worked in industry refer to the actual number of hours worked during the reference week, including overtime but excluding meal breaks, paid or unpaid days off and approved time away from work. For persons working more than one job, the figures refer to the number of hours worked in each job during the week.
Discouraged workers
Discouraged workers are persons who are not currently looking for work, because they feel there are no jobs available, but they would like to work and are available to work.
Departures from definitions:
Bulgaria - Discouraged workers include persons who are inactive and who want to work, but are not seeking a job for one of the following reasons: belief that no suitable job is available, do not feel qualified in skills or education, belief that they would not find job because of age.
Poland - Discouraged workers include persons who want a job and are currently available to work, but have given up any active search for one of the following reasons: belief that there is no work available, belief that they will not find a suitable job, are frustrated from looking.
Republic of Slovenia - Discouraged workers include persons who are not looking for work and do not qualify as students from 15 to 18 years old, or are retired, disabled or homemakers.
Romania - Discouraged workers include persons who, i) say they looked for a job within the last three weeks prior to the survey, but said they used "no method", or ii) are not looking for a job for the following reasons: belief that there were no available jobs or did not know where to look, did not feel well trained, belief that they would not find a job because of age, or were frustrated from looking. Respondents are not required to be available for work
Russian Federation - Discouraged workers include persons who are able and ready to work, but are not actively looking for work, believing they have exhausted all possibilities of obtaining it.
Classification Plan ********************************************************************************
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CLASSIFICATION PLAN:
--------------------
STRUCTURE OF THE CODE : XX / XX / X / XX / XX
SUB-CODES :
1 XX....... Country
2 ..XX..... Indicator
3 ....X.... Sex (or Blank)
4 .....XX.. Age (or Blank)
5 .......XX BLANK
SUB-CODE 1 : Country
-----------
76 Bulgaria
77 Czech Republic
80 Hungary
84 Latvia
81 Poland
82 Romania
92 Russian Federation
79 Slovak Republic
75 Slovenia
SUB-CODE 2 : Indicator
-----------
Quarterly Labor Market 1992 - present
Unemployment variables
01 Unemployment
02 Unemployed school leavers
03 Unemployed with higher education
04 Unemployed with secondary general education
05 Unemployed with vocational education
06 Unemployed with primary education or less
07 Unemployed with previous work experience
08 Unskilled unemployed
09 Unemployed less than 1 month
10 Unemployed 1 to 6 months
11 Unemployed 7 to 12 months
12 Long-term unemployment
13 LTU with primary or vocational education
14 LTU with higher education
15 LTU with secondary general education
16 LTU with vocational education
17 LTU with primary education or less
18 Unskilled LTU
19 Unemployed in agriculture
20 Unemployed in industry
21 Unemployed in services
Employment variables
22 Working age population
23 Employment
24 Employment in agriculture
25 Employment in mining
26 Employment in manufacturing
27 Employment in power and water
28 Employment in construction
29 Employment in trade and catering
30 Employment in transport and communication
31 Employment in financial services and real estate
32 Employment in health and education
33 Employment in public administration
34 Employment in other services
35 Self employment
36 Self employment in agriculture
37 Self employment in industry
38 Self-employment in services
39 Full-time employment
40 Part-time employment
41 Underemployment
42 Employment in the private sector
43 Employment in the private sector: agriculture
44 Employment in the private sector: industry
45 Employment in the private sector: services
46 Employment with higher education
47 Employment with secondary general education
48 Employment with vocational education
49 Employment with primary education or less
50 Discouraged workers
51 Hours worked in industry
Annual 1990 - present
Wages by sector of activity
52 Wages
53 Wages in agriculture
54 Wages in mining
55 Wages in manufacturing
56 Wages in power and water
57 Wages in construction
58 Wages in trade and catering
59 Wages in tranport and communication
60 Wages in financial services and real estate
61 Wages in health and education
62 Wages in public administration
63 Wages in other services
Population variables
64 Population
65 Youth population
22 Working age population
67 Male working age population
68 Female working age population
51 Hours worked in industry
Monthly 1990 - present: Monthly registration variables
70 Registered unemployment
71 Total inflows
72 Total outflows
73 Total outflows to jobs
74 Unfilled vacancies
Quarterly wages 1990 - present
52 Wages
53 Wages in agriculture
54 Wages in mining
55 Wages in manufacturing
56 Wages in power and water
57 Wages in construction
58 Wages in trade and catering
59 Wages in tranport and communication
60 Wages in financial services and real estate
61 Wages in health and education
62 Wages in public administration
63 Wages in other services
SUB-CODE 3 : Sex
-----------
T Total
M Men
W Women
SUB-CODE 4 : Age
-----------
01 Total
02 15-19
03 20-24
04 25-29
05 30-34
06 35-39
07 40-44
08 45-49
09 50-54
10 55-59
11 60-64
12 65-69
13 70-74
14 75 or more
15 Youth
16 Prime-age
17 Older
18 Post-retirement