Research and development personnel, by sectors of performance methods, notes and classification

R&D personnel include all persons employed directly on R&D, plus persons supplying direct services to R&D, such as managers, administrative staff and office staff. The measure shown in this table is total R&D personnel in full time equivalents as a percentage of the economic active population. Please note that the calculation of the measure in this table has changed from being based on head count to full time equivalents from January 2010. The measure based on head count is still available in Eurostat public data bases, table: Total R&D personnel and researchers by sectors of performance, as % of total labour force and total employment, and by sex (rd_p_perslf)

• • Unit of measure
    • 00 Percentage of population in the labour force - numerator in full-time equivalent (FTE)
  • Professional position
    • 0 Total
  • Sex
    • 0 Total
  • Sector of performance
    • 0 All sectors
    • 1 Business enterprise sector
    • 2 Government sector
    • 3 Higher education sector
    • 4 Private non-profit sector
  • Geopolitical entity (reporting)
    • 000 European Union - 27 countries (from 2020)
    • 001 Euro area – 20 countries (from 2023)
    • 002 Euro area - 19 countries (2015-2022)
    • 003 Belgium
    • 004 Bulgaria
    • 005 Czechia
    • 006 Denmark
    • 007 Germany
    • 008 Estonia
    • 009 Ireland
    • 00a Greece
    • 00b Spain
    • 00c France
    • 00d Croatia
    • 00e Italy
    • 00f Cyprus
    • 00g Latvia
    • 00h Lithuania
    • 00i Luxembourg
    • 00j Hungary
    • 00k Malta
    • 00l Netherlands
    • 00m Austria
    • 00n Poland
    • 00o Portugal
    • 00p Romania
    • 00q Slovenia
    • 00r Slovakia
    • 00s Finland
    • 00t Sweden
    • 00u Iceland
    • 00v Norway
    • 00w Switzerland
    • 00x United Kingdom
    • 00y Montenegro
    • 00z North Macedonia
    • 010 Serbia
    • 011 Türkiye
    • 012 Russia
    • 013 South Korea