Research and development personnel, by sectors of performance methods, notes and classification

R&D personnel include all persons employed directly on R&D, plus persons supplying direct services to R&D, such as managers, administrative staff and office staff. The measure shown in this table is total R&D personnel in full time equivalents as a percentage of the economic active population. Please note that the calculation of the measure in this table has changed from being based on head count to full time equivalents from January 2010. The measure based on head count is still available in Eurostat public data bases, table: Total R&D personnel and researchers by sectors of performance, as % of total labour force and total employment, and by sex (rd_p_perslf)

• • Unit of measure
    • 0 Percentage of population in the labour force - numerator in full-time equivalent (FTE)
  • Professional position
    • 0 Total
  • Sex
    • 0 Total
  • Sector of performance
    • 0 All sectors
    • 1 Business enterprise sector
    • 2 Government sector
    • 3 Higher education sector
    • 4 Private non-profit sector
  • Geopolitical entity (reporting)
    • 00 European Union - 27 countries (from 2020)
    • 01 Euro area – 20 countries (from 2023)
    • 02 Euro area - 19 countries (2015-2022)
    • 03 Belgium
    • 04 Bulgaria
    • 05 Czechia
    • 06 Denmark
    • 07 Germany
    • 08 Estonia
    • 09 Ireland
    • 0a Greece
    • 0b Spain
    • 0c France
    • 0d Croatia
    • 0e Italy
    • 0f Cyprus
    • 0g Latvia
    • 0h Lithuania
    • 0i Luxembourg
    • 0j Hungary
    • 0k Malta
    • 0l Netherlands
    • 0m Austria
    • 0n Poland
    • 0o Portugal
    • 0p Romania
    • 0q Slovenia
    • 0r Slovakia
    • 0s Finland
    • 0t Sweden
    • 0u Iceland
    • 0v Norway
    • 0w Switzerland
    • 0x United Kingdom
    • 0y Montenegro
    • 0z North Macedonia
    • 10 Serbia
    • 11 Türkiye
    • 12 Russia
    • 13 South Korea